Health effects of coffee
The health effects of coffee consumption are varied and include both potential benefits and health risks.
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The health effects of coffee consumption are varied and include both potential benefits and health risks.
A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that the consumption of coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily. Exceptions include possible increased risk in women having bone fractures, and a possible increased risk in fetal loss or decreased birth weight during pregnancy. Results were complicated by poor study quality, and differences in age, gender, health status, and serving size.
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